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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Acne Infection01:27

Acne Infection

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Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...
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Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Updated: May 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Non-Surgical Treatment of Melasma– Microneedling with Tranexamic Acid
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New and emerging treatments for hyperpigmentation.

Andrew F Alexis

    Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD
    |April 11, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Treating hyperpigmentation in skin of color is challenging. Newer topical and procedural treatments offer combined approaches for melasma and other pigment disorders, addressing efficacy and safety concerns.

    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Cosmetic Science

    Background:

    • Hyperpigmentation disorders like melasma, photoaging dyschromia, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation present significant challenges, particularly in individuals with higher Fitzpatrick skin types (skin of color).
    • Current therapeutic options often have limitations regarding efficacy, safety, and cost, indicating a need for improved treatment strategies.
    • A single, universally effective treatment (a "magic bullet") for hyperpigmentation is currently unavailable.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent advancements in topical and procedural treatments for hyperpigmentation disorders.
    • To highlight newer approaches for managing melasma, photoaging-related dyschromia, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, especially in skin of color.
    • To discuss the combination of different treatment modalities to enhance efficacy and safety.

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 1, 2026

    Author Spotlight: Non-Surgical Treatment of Melasma– Microneedling with Tranexamic Acid
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    Main Methods:

    • Review of recently published studies and literature.
    • Analysis of newer topical agents and in-office procedures.
    • Focus on treatment strategies for various hyperpigmentation conditions across different Fitzpatrick skin types.

    Main Results:

    • Successful hyperpigmentation management often requires combination therapy, integrating topical agents with or without procedures.
    • Newer agents and procedures are being developed to address limitations of existing treatments.
    • Understanding the distinct mechanisms of action for each modality is crucial for effective treatment planning.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective treatment of hyperpigmentation, especially in skin of color, necessitates a multimodal approach.
    • Ongoing research into novel topical and procedural interventions is crucial for advancing patient care.
    • Combination therapies offer a promising strategy to overcome the challenges associated with treating complex pigmentary disorders.