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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia
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Comment: does L-thyroxine prevent or cause stroke in hypothyroidism?

Alessandro Squizzato1, Victor E A Gerdes

  • 1From the Research Center on Thromboembolic Disorders and Antithrombotic Therapies (A.S.), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine (V.E.A.G.), Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Neurology
|April 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypothyroidism, a thyroid disorder, is linked to a slightly increased risk of stroke. This risk appears partially independent of common cardiovascular factors like hypertension and dyslipidemia.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Overt hypothyroidism is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension and dyslipidemia.
  • Previous studies on hypothyroidism and stroke risk are limited and methodologically flawed.
  • A clear understanding of the relationship between autoimmune thyroiditis and stroke is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between autoimmune thyroiditis and the risk of stroke.
  • To determine if the increased stroke risk in autoimmune thyroiditis is independent of other cardiovascular risk factors.

Main Methods:

  • A large case-control study utilizing a UK primary care electronic health record system.
  • Comparison of 34,907 patients with autoimmune thyroiditis on l-thyroxine treatment against 149,632 matched controls.
  • Statistical analysis using adjusted relative risk and confidence intervals to assess stroke risk.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant, albeit slight, increase in stroke risk was observed in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (adjusted relative risk = 1.10).
  • The 95% confidence interval for the increased stroke risk was 1.01-1.20.
  • A portion of the elevated stroke risk was found to be independent of known cardiovascular risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmune thyroiditis is associated with a modest increase in stroke risk.
  • This increased risk is not solely explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
  • Further research may be warranted to elucidate the mechanisms linking autoimmune thyroiditis to stroke.