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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Thyroid involvement in hepatitis C - associated mixed cryoglobulinemia.

Poupak Fallahi1, Silvia Martina Ferrari1, Dilia Giuggioli2

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Hormones (Athens, Greece)
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Summary

Patients with hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC+HCV) show a higher prevalence of thyroid autoimmune disorders and thyroid cancer. Careful thyroid function monitoring is recommended for this patient group.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Hepatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is linked to various autoimmune conditions.
  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a known complication of HCV, often involving immune system dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence and clinical characteristics of thyroid involvement in patients with MC associated with HCV (MC+HCV).

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search of PubMed Medline was performed up to December 2011.
  • Included studies reported thyroid involvement in MC+HCV patients, with manual searching of reference lists for additional relevant reports.

Main Results:

  • MC+HCV patients exhibited significantly higher rates of serum anti-thyroperoxidase autoantibody (AbTPO), combined AbTPO/anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody, and clinical/ultrasonographical signs of thyroid autoimmunity compared to controls.
  • Subclinical hypothyroidism and papillary thyroid cancer prevalence were also elevated in MC+HCV patients, particularly those with autoimmune thyroiditis.
  • T helper 1 immunity and CXCL10 may play a role in the pathogenesis of MC+HCV and thyroid autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

  • There is a high prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with MC+HCV.
  • Routine monitoring of thyroid function is crucial for patients diagnosed with MC+HCV.