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The evolution of multivariate maternal effects.

Bram Kuijper1, Rufus A Johnstone2, Stuart Townley3

  • 1Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom; Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; CoMPLEX, Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental fluctuations shape the evolution of maternal effects. Rapid changes favor offspring phenotypes differing from mothers, while slow changes favor similarity, impacting trait evolution and cross-trait influences.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Quantitative Genetics
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Maternal effects influence offspring traits, but their evolution in complex, interacting trait systems is poorly understood.
  • Existing models often simplify maternal effects to single traits, neglecting multivariate interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of multivariate maternal effects in fluctuating environments.
  • To understand how environmental change and trait interactions shape maternal inheritance patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated the evolution of multivariate maternal effects (matrix M) under varying rates of environmental fluctuation.
  • Analyzed the impact of selection timing and noise levels on maternal effect evolution.

Main Results:

  • Environmental fluctuation rate significantly alters maternal effect matrix (M) properties: slow fluctuations favor positive eigenvalues (offspring resemble mothers), rapid fluctuations favor negative eigenvalues (offspring differ).
  • Temporally delayed selection on traits induces cross-trait maternal effects, where maternal traits influence multiple offspring traits.
  • Maternal traits with less selection noise drive larger cross-trait effects.

Conclusions:

  • Multivariate maternal effects are crucial and cannot be studied in isolation.
  • Understanding multivariate maternal effects provides insights into past selection pressures.
  • Further empirical studies measuring multivariate maternal effects in natural populations are needed.