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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

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Heterochromatin02:38

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Uncoupling transcription from covalent histone modification.

Hesheng Zhang1, Lu Gao1, Jayamani Anandhakumar1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America.

Plos Genetics
|April 12, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene activation in yeast heterochromatin can occur without typical histone modifications. This challenges the necessity of covalent histone marks for robust transcriptional regulation.

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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Yeast Genetics

Background:

  • Transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes is linked to chromatin modifications.
  • Histone modifications like methylation and acetylation are generally associated with gene activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gene activation in yeast heterochromatin.
  • To determine if histone modifications are essential for heterochromatic gene activation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a heat shock-inducible transgene (hsp82-2001) and a drug-inducible subtelomeric gene (YFR057w) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Assessed histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K36me3, H3K79me2, H3/H4 acetylation, H2A.Z incorporation) and RNA polymerase II occupancy.
  • Compared heterochromatic gene activation with a euchromatic promoter mutant (hsp82-ΔTATA) and a dot1Δ mutant lacking H3K79 methylase activity.

Main Results:

  • Substantial transcriptional induction (>200-fold) occurred with restricted histone loss and negligible H3K4me3, H3K36me3, and H3K79me2.
  • Heterochromatic gene activation proceeded with minimal H3/H4 acetylation and without H2A.Z replacement.
  • Absence of histone modification was not due to reduced transcription; a euchromatic mutant showed hyperacetylation.
  • RNA polymerase II occupancy was unimpeded in activated heterochromatin lacking H3K79 dimethylation.

Conclusions:

  • Gene activation in yeast heterochromatin can occur independently of canonical histone modifications.
  • Canonical histone modifications are not strictly required for robust transcription initiation and elongation in all contexts.
  • Challenges the established paradigm linking specific histone marks to gene activation processes.