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Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos
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Directed forgetting in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorders.

Brenda J Meyer1, John M Gardiner, Dermot M Bowler

  • 1Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK, B.J.Meyer@soton.ac.uk.

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Summary

Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show impaired episodic memory encoding. They struggle to remember intentionally learned information, unlike typically developed adults, highlighting an elaborative encoding deficit.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with cognitive differences.
  • Episodic memory, the ability to recall specific past events, is often mildly impaired in adults with high-functioning autism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate memory encoding strategies in adults with ASD compared to typically developed (TD) adults.
  • To examine the role of autonoetic (episodic) awareness in memory recognition within these groups.

Main Methods:

  • Participants (ASD and TD) used rehearsal strategies (learn or forget) for word lists before a recognition task.
  • The Remember/Know paradigm assessed states of awareness (autonoetic vs. noetic) during recognition.

Main Results:

  • The ASD group recognized fewer intentionally learned words than the TD group.
  • This deficit was specific to 'Remember' responses, indicating impaired autonoetic awareness.
  • Recognition of 'to-be-forgotten' words did not differ between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the elaborative encoding deficit hypothesis in adults with ASD.
  • This suggests that difficulties in encoding strategies contribute to episodic memory impairments in this population.