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Related Concept Videos

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Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
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Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

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Atrial septal defects.

Tal Geva1, Jose D Martins2, Rachel M Wald3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
|April 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atrial septal defects, a common congenital heart issue, often cause no symptoms in children but can lead to serious complications in adults. Early closure, surgical or transcatheter, ensures a normal life expectancy.

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Murine Fetal Echocardiography
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Murine Fetal Echocardiography
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

  • Atrial septal defects (ASDs) are the third most prevalent congenital heart malformation.
  • These defects involve abnormal openings between the atria, causing blood shunting between systemic and pulmonary circulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, anatomy, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcomes of atrial septal defects.
  • To highlight the importance of timely intervention for improved life expectancy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on atrial septal defects.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for both surgical and transcatheter closure methods.

Main Results:

  • Most children with isolated ASDs are asymptomatic, but risks of exercise intolerance, arrhythmias, and pulmonary hypertension increase with age.
  • Untreated defects, especially in females and older adults, elevate the risk of potentially lethal pulmonary vascular disease.
  • Surgical closure before age 25 is linked to normal life expectancy; transcatheter closure is a less invasive option for select patients.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and treatment of atrial septal defects are crucial for preventing long-term complications and ensuring normal life expectancy.
  • Both surgical and transcatheter closure methods are effective, with transcatheter closure offering a minimally invasive alternative.