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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated...
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Brain imaging in type 2 diabetes.

Manon Brundel1, L Jaap Kappelle1, Geert Jan Biessels1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.

European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
|April 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to brain damage, including atrophy and vascular lesions. Advanced imaging reveals subtle white matter changes and reduced blood flow, highlighting the long-term impact of diabetes on brain health.

Keywords:
Brain atrophyBrain imagingCerebral blood flowDiffusion tensor imagingMagnetic resonance imagingType 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Endocrinology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health concern.
  • Cognitive dysfunction and dementia are increasingly recognized complications of T2DM.
  • Brain imaging offers insights into the neuropathological changes associated with T2DM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between T2DM and brain abnormalities using various imaging techniques.
  • To explore structural and functional brain changes in individuals with T2DM.
  • To understand the progression of brain damage in T2DM over time.

Main Methods:

  • Review of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies.
  • Inclusion of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
  • Comparison of brain imaging findings between individuals with and without T2DM.

Main Results:

  • T2DM is associated with increased global brain atrophy compared to normal aging.
  • Higher prevalence of vascular lesions, such as lacunar infarcts, in T2DM patients.
  • Evidence of diminished cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity in T2DM, particularly in advanced stages.
  • DTI shows potential for detecting subtle white matter abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • T2DM is linked to both degenerative and vascular brain damage that develops gradually.
  • Brain imaging confirms significant structural and functional alterations in T2DM.
  • Future research should focus on the etiology of T2DM-related brain damage and patient stratification for distinct progressive decline.