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Related Concept Videos

Asthma I: Introduction01:28

Asthma I: Introduction

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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...
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Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

Asthma-I: Introduction

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
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Asthma-IV: Nursing Management01:30

Asthma-IV: Nursing Management

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The nursing management of asthma is a comprehensive approach that relies heavily on the expertise and dedication of healthcare professionals. It involves thorough assessment, accurate diagnosis, strategic planning, effective implementation, and diligent evaluation. By meticulously following this step-by-step process, healthcare professionals play a crucial role in providing the best possible care and treatment for patients with asthma, enhancing their overall health and well-being.
First, in...
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Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations01:13

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

49
Asthma presents with a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms that reflect underlying airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion. Although severity varies among individuals, certain clinical manifestations are considered hallmarks of the disorder and often guide diagnosis and assessment.Respiratory SymptomsA persistent cough is one of the most common early features of asthma. It is frequently dry and tends to worsen at night or in the early morning,...
49
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
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Invited commentary: Does breastfeeding protect against "asthma"?

Michael S Kramer

    American Journal of Epidemiology
    |April 15, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Breastfeeding may protect against childhood asthma, but results vary widely. Researchers found significant heterogeneity in studies, suggesting asthma

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
    • Epidemiology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • The association between breastfeeding and childhood asthma is widely studied.
    • Existing research shows considerable heterogeneity in findings.
    • Asthma's complex and variable phenotype complicates etiological research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To systematically review and meta-analyze studies on breastfeeding and childhood asthma.
    • To explore reasons for heterogeneity in the observed association.
    • To assess the evidence for a causal link between breastfeeding and asthma prevention.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies.
    • Critical appraisal of study designs and methodological quality.
    Keywords:
    asthmabreastfeedinginfant feedingmeta-analysissystematic review

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  • Analysis of heterogeneity using I(2) statistics.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant heterogeneity (I(2) = 71%-92%) observed across studies.
    • Inability to explain the heterogeneity based on study design or quality.
    • Potential confounding factors identified: observer bias in feeding history, daycare attendance.
    • Lack of a clear dose-response relationship with breastfeeding duration or exclusivity.

    Conclusions:

    • The protective association between breastfeeding and childhood asthma remains unclear due to significant heterogeneity.
    • Better phenotyping of asthma is crucial for future etiological research.
    • Confounding factors and potential biases may influence the observed association.