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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated...
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

24
Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and...
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Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

25
Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose...
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Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice
11:10

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[Endogenous hyperinsulinism: two diagnostic challenges].

Ana Pires Gonçalves1, Fernando Baptista1, Ema Nobre1

  • 1Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal.

Arquivos Brasileiros De Endocrinologia E Metabologia
|April 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypoglycemia in healthy adults is rare and needs investigation. High insulin and C-peptide levels suggest rare causes like endogenous hyperinsulinism, requiring specific diagnosis and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypoglycemia in healthy adults is uncommon, necessitating a detailed diagnostic workup.
  • Elevated insulin and C-peptide levels during hypoglycemic episodes are key indicators.

Observation:

  • Presents two cases of hypoglycemia linked to endogenous hyperinsulinism.
  • Highlights uncommon causes of hypoglycemia encountered in clinical practice.

Findings:

  • Endogenous hyperinsulinism can manifest as recurrent hypoglycemia.
  • Diagnostic challenges include differentiating rare causes like islet cell disease and autoimmune conditions.

Implications:

  • Emphasizes the importance of investigating unexplained hypoglycemia in adults.
  • Reviews diagnostic strategies and treatment options for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.