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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
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Sphingosine-1 phosphate and central nervous system.

Roland Martin1, Mireia Sospedra

  • 1Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland, Roland.Martin@usz.ch.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|April 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Fingolimod, an oral therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), targets sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) and its receptors (S1PRs). Research now explores S1P/S1PR roles within the central nervous system (CNS) in health and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) and its receptors (S1PRs) are crucial in cellular signaling.
  • Fingolimod, an S1P receptor modulator, revolutionized multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) extensively utilizes S1P signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological and pathological roles of S1P/S1PR interactions in the CNS.
  • To highlight the significance of S1P signaling beyond the immunological effects of fingolimod.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on S1P and S1PRs in the CNS.
  • Analysis of studies on sphingosine metabolism and receptor expression in neurological conditions.

Main Results:

  • S1P and its receptors are widely distributed in the CNS, including myelin and various cell types.
  • These molecules play significant roles in both normal brain function and disease states.
  • Research is expanding beyond immunology to encompass CNS-specific functions.

Conclusions:

  • S1P/S1PR signaling is a critical area of investigation within the CNS.
  • Understanding these pathways offers potential for novel therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.