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Related Concept Videos

Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and...
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Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

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Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
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Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

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Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
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Mechanism of Conjugation01:19

Mechanism of Conjugation

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Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
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Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus
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Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

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Staphylococcus aureus mobile genetic elements.

Babek Alibayov1, Lamine Baba-Moussa, Haziz Sina

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.

Molecular Biology Reports
|April 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mobile genetic elements (MGE) in Staphylococcus aureus, including bacteriophages and plasmids, significantly impact bacterial evolution and virulence. These elements, often transferred via genomic islands (GEI), contribute to antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Most bacteria are beneficial, but some cause harm through rapid adaptation and genetic changes.
  • Bacterial genomes undergo mutations, rearrangements, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
  • Essential functions are encoded by core genes, while mobile genetic elements (MGE) confer adaptive advantages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mobile genetic elements (MGE) in Staphylococcus aureus.
  • To highlight the role of MGE in bacterial evolution, plasticity, and pathogenicity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Staphylococcus aureus genomics and mobile genetic elements.
  • Analysis of the types and impact of MGE, including bacteriophages, transposons, plasmids, and pathogenicity islands.
  • Examination of the role of genomic islands (GEI) in MGE acquisition and dissemination.

Main Results:

  • Mobile genetic elements constitute approximately 15% of Staphylococcus aureus genomes.
  • Genomic islands (GEI) facilitate the acquisition and transfer of MGE.
  • MGE are crucial for bacterial adaptation, evolution, antibiotic resistance, and virulence gene spread.

Conclusions:

  • Mobile genetic elements significantly influence Staphylococcus aureus genome plasticity and evolution.
  • Genomic islands play a key role in the dissemination of MGE, impacting bacterial pathogenicity.
  • Understanding MGE in S. aureus is critical for addressing antibiotic resistance and virulence.