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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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Consider an isolated system in which a hot object is placed in contact with a cold one. This is an irreversible process that eventually leads both objects to reach the same equilibrium temperature. It is crucial to note that the constituents of any substance exhibit increased disorder at higher temperatures. As a cold substance absorbs heat, its constituents become more disordered. The energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one increases the system's disorder or randomness. This...
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Consider an arbitrary process that moves between two specific states (A and B) in a cyclic manner. This process is reversible and broken down into smaller parts that each follow a Carnot cycle. A Carnot cycle has two isothermal (constant temperature) processes. During these processes, the ratio of the amount of heat transferred to their respective temperature remains constant. The other two processes in the Carnot cycle are also reversible but adiabatic, which means they occur without any heat...
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Nonequilibrium entropic temperature and its lower bound for quantum stochastic processes.

Somrita Ray1, Alendu Baura1, Bidhan Chandra Bag1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
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Summary

This study explores quantum Brownian systems, calculating entropy production and nonequilibrium temperature (NET) for bosonic and fermionic baths. Results show these values evolve over time, with deviations influenced by bath temperature and type.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum thermodynamics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Quantum Brownian systems are fundamental models in understanding open quantum systems.
  • Nonequilibrium thermodynamics investigates systems not in thermal equilibrium.
  • Entropic temperature offers an alternative perspective on system temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the Shannon entropic nonequilibrium temperature (NET) in quantum Brownian systems.
  • To analyze entropy production (EP) and its bounds in relation to NET.
  • To examine the influence of bosonic and fermionic baths on these thermodynamic quantities.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Fokker-Planck description of the c-number quantum Langevin equation.
  • Calculating entropy production, NET, and their respective upper and lower bounds.
  • Analyzing the time evolution and temperature dependence of these quantities.

Main Results:

  • Entropy production, its upper bound, and their deviation decrease monotonically over time towards equilibrium.
  • The deviation's temperature dependence differs between bosonic and fermionic baths.
  • Nonequilibrium temperature and its lower bound increase with time, while their difference exhibits optimal behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into the dynamics of entropy production and nonequilibrium temperature in quantum systems.
  • The behavior of entropic temperature relative to thermodynamic temperature is distinct for bosonic and fermionic baths.
  • Findings contribute to the understanding of thermalization and temperature concepts in open quantum systems.