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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

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Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and...
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

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DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic...
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Adipokines in gestational diabetes.

Mathias Fasshauer1, Matthias Blüher2, Michael Stumvoll2

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Gestational diabetes involves pregnancy-related glucose intolerance. Key adipokines like adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP) are implicated in its development.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Syndrome Research
  • Pregnancy Complications

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance during pregnancy, often linked to metabolic syndrome features like obesity and insulin resistance.
  • Adipokines, proteins from fat cells, are dysregulated in obesity and contribute to metabolic and vascular issues.
  • Numerous adipokines have been investigated for their potential roles in GDM pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of various adipokines in gestational diabetes.
  • To identify key adipokines involved in the pathophysiology of GDM.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on adipokines in gestational diabetes.
  • Analysis of adipokine regulation and contribution to GDM.

Main Results:

  • Several adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP), have been assessed.
  • Adiponectin, leptin, TNFα, and AFABP emerge as the most likely candidates involved in GDM.

Conclusions:

  • Adipokines play a significant role in the development of gestational diabetes.
  • Adiponectin, leptin, TNFα, and AFABP are central to GDM pathophysiology and warrant further investigation.