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Gastric Phase of Digestion01:26

Gastric Phase of Digestion

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The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
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Gastric motility is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles that convert ingested food into chyme, a semi-liquid substance ready for further digestion in the intestines. The process begins with the vagus nerve inducing the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the fundus and body of the stomach, allowing these regions to expand and accommodate up to approximately 1.5 liters of food and liquid.
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The process of digestion is composed of three stages – cephalic, gastric, and intestinal – each with a distinct control center. The cephalic phase is the first stage, and it starts even before the food enters the stomach. It is controlled by the central nervous system and is initiated by any food-related sensory stimuli, such as the sight and smell of food, which send signals to the brain. While eating, the taste receptors intensify these signals, which travel to the cerebral cortex...
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Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.
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The psyche and gastric functions.

Gerardo Nardone1, Debora Compare

  • 1Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.

Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stress significantly impacts gastric function and diseases like peptic ulcers. Understanding the brain-gut axis, including the enteric nervous system (ENS), is crucial for managing these conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurogastroenterology
  • Psychosomatic Medicine
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The connection between mental activity and gastric issues has long been recognized but understudied.
  • The discovery of the enteric nervous system (ENS), the gut's "little brain," revolutionized understanding of gut-brain interactions.
  • The identification of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) elucidated the neurochemical basis of the stress response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate relationship between the central nervous system and gastrointestinal function.
  • To highlight the role of stress in the pathogenesis of common gastric diseases.
  • To emphasize the pathogenetic and therapeutic implications of understanding stress modulation in gastric disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and contemporary research on the brain-gut axis.
  • Examination of the neurobiological stress response mechanisms involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS).
  • Analysis of experimental and clinical evidence linking stressors to gastric function and disease.

Main Results:

  • Stressors like anger, fear, and social experiences directly influence both physiological and gastric functions.
  • There is a clear two-way interaction between the brain and the stomach.
  • Stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and peptic ulcer disease.

Conclusions:

  • The brain-gut axis, particularly the ENS and stress response pathways, plays a critical role in gastric health and disease.
  • Understanding how pathological stressors affect gastric function is vital for developing effective therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into the neurobiological underpinnings of stress-related gastric disorders holds significant clinical promise.