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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
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Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

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Cooperative polymerization of one-patch colloids.

Teun Vissers1, Frank Smallenburg1, Gianmarco Munaò1

  • 1Sapienza, Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|April 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Particles with attractive patches self-assemble into tubes. Their complex polymerization process and thermodynamics were numerically investigated, revealing contributions from multiple structures to partition functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid science
  • Polymerization dynamics
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Colloidal particles with specific interaction sites can self-assemble into ordered structures.
  • Understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of self-assembly is crucial for materials design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically investigate cooperative polymerization in an off-lattice model.
  • To evaluate the chemical reaction constants and thermodynamics governing the self-assembly process.
  • To elucidate the microscopic mechanisms of tube formation.

Main Methods:

  • Off-lattice numerical simulations using a pairwise additive potential.
  • Calculation of partition functions for clusters of all sizes.
  • Thermodynamic analysis of self-assembly pathways.

Main Results:

  • Particles self-assemble into small clusters upon cooling.
  • Clusters spontaneously reorganize into long straight tubes below a density-dependent temperature.
  • Partition functions for intermediate-sized clusters show contributions from two distinct structures (energy and entropy differences).

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a detailed thermodynamic evaluation of cooperative polymerization in this colloidal system.
  • The microscopic mechanisms driving the complex self-assembly into tubes are illustrated.
  • The findings offer insights into structure formation driven by specific attractive interactions.