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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Effects of Cellular Extract on Epigenetic Reprogramming.

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Cellular extract facilitates nuclear reprogramming by altering DNA methylation and pluripotency gene expression.

Xian-Rong Xiong1, Dao-Liang Lan, Jian Li

  • 11 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China .

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Adipose-derived stem cell extracts promote yak fibroblast reprogramming, enhancing pluripotency and improving cloned embryo development. This method offers a novel, non-genetic approach for somatic cell dedifferentiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Differentiated cells maintain identity via epigenetic modifications.
  • Cellular reprogramming to pluripotency has applications in disease and regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reprogramming of yak fibroblast cells using mouse adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) extracts.
  • To understand the epigenetic changes associated with this reprogramming process.

Main Methods:

  • Yak fibroblast cells were permeabilized and incubated with ADSC extracts.
  • Analyzed colony formation, pluripotent gene expression, histone modifications, and DNA methylation.
  • Assessed the developmental rates of cloned embryos derived from treated cells.

Main Results:

  • ADSC extract treatment enhanced colony formation and pluripotent gene expression.
  • Observed loss of repressive histone marks and global demethylation.
  • Decreased expression and increased methylation of differentiation genes (Col1a1, Col1a2) were noted.
  • Significantly improved eight-cell and blastocyst formation rates in cloned embryos.

Conclusions:

  • ADSC extract treatment modifies nuclear reprogramming in yak fibroblast cells.
  • This study presents a non-genetic methodology for somatic cell dedifferentiation and reprogramming.
  • The findings suggest a potential for efficient reprogramming without genetic alteration.