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Related Concept Videos

Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
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Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

A Mouse Model for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Based on Needle-guided Asymmetric Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Stenosis
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Recent updates on subcortical ischemic vascular dementia.

Jee Hoon Roh1, Jae-Hong Lee2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Stroke
|April 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Vascular dementia (VaD) research is reviving, focusing on vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) for better dementia management. Subcortical ischemic VaD (SIVD) diagnosis is improving with new imaging techniques.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseSubcortical ischemic vascular dementiaVascular cognitive impairmentVascular dementia

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Vascular dementia (VaD) has a long history, initially linked to arteriosclerosis.
  • Research focus shifted to Alzheimer's disease (AD), but interest in VaD is renewed due to vascular lesions' contribution to dementia.
  • Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is an evolving concept including VaD, mixed dementia, and VCI without dementia, aiming for therapeutic intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging concepts of VaD and VCI.
  • To discuss clinical manifestations, biomarkers, treatments, and preclinical models of Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia (SIVD).
  • To explore the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying SIVD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on VaD, VCI, and SIVD.
  • Analysis of pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical presentations, and diagnostic advancements.
  • Inclusion of information on in vivo amyloid imaging for pathological differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Vascular lesions significantly contribute to dementia, especially in the elderly.
  • SIVD is characterized by small vessel stenosis, occlusion, white matter ischemia, and lacunar infarctions.
  • Amyloid imaging aids in distinguishing pure SIVD from mixed dementia.

Conclusions:

  • VCI offers a broader framework for dementia management, targeting potentially treatable vascular components.
  • Differentiating SIVD from AD remains challenging due to overlapping symptoms and cholinergic deficits.
  • Advancements in imaging and understanding pathophysiologic mechanisms are crucial for improved SIVD diagnosis and treatment.