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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

30
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
30
Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:19

Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

633
Pericarditis is distinguished by inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac that encases the heart. It can be acute, lasting less than six weeks, or chronic, persisting for over three months. Understanding its clinical manifestations and diagnostic findings is crucial for timely and effective management.Clinical ManifestationsWhile pericarditis can be asymptomatic, it usually presents with characteristic symptoms such as:Chest Pain: The most characteristic symptom of pericarditis is chest...
633
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

28
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
28
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

23
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
23
Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

Pericarditis I: Introduction

758
Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
758

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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Massive pericardial effusion associated with hypothyroidism.

Simona Daniela Ionescu, Daniela Maria Tănase, Anca Ouatu

    Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii De Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi
    |April 19, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Diagnosing hypothyroidism in the elderly is challenging due to subtle symptoms. This case report highlights severe myxedema and its successful treatment with thyroid replacement therapy, improving cardiovascular and neurological status.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Geriatrics
    • Internal Medicine

    Background:

    • Hypothyroidism diagnosis in adults, particularly the elderly, is often delayed due to insidious onset and nonspecific symptoms.
    • Advanced age can be a trigger for autoimmune diseases, including hypothyroidism.
    • Subtle clinical features like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance can be easily overlooked.

    Observation:

    • This case report details a typical case of primary autoimmune hypothyroidism in an elderly woman.
    • The patient presented with severe myxedema affecting internal organs.
    • Clinical manifestations included subtle signs often missed in routine examinations.

    Findings:

    • Thyroid dysfunction significantly impacts the cardiovascular system, with effusions being common.
    • Treatment with thyroid replacement therapy led to euthyroidism.
    • Restoration of euthyroidism correlated with clinical improvement, including cardiovascular and neurological status.

    Implications:

    • Early diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism are crucial, especially in the elderly.
    • Thyroid hormone replacement therapy can reverse severe clinical manifestations, including pericardial effusion.
    • This case underscores the importance of recognizing subtle signs of hypothyroidism in geriatric patients to prevent severe complications.