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Related Concept Videos

Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Viral Structure00:56

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes
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Viral miniproteins.

Daniel DiMaio1

  • 1Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;

Annual Review of Microbiology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses use small transmembrane proteins to control cell functions. Researchers can design artificial versions to regulate biological processes, suggesting cells may also have undiscovered similar proteins.

Keywords:
hydrophobicrandomized librarytransmembrane proteintraptamerviroporin

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Viruses utilize short transmembrane proteins (<50 amino acids) crucial for replication and virulence.
  • These viral miniproteins are often overlooked due to their small size and lack of homology to cellular proteins.
  • Some viral miniproteins form ion channels or modulate cellular protein activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structure-function relationships of viral transmembrane miniproteins.
  • To explore the potential for designing artificial transmembrane miniproteins.
  • To understand the broader roles of short transmembrane proteins in biological systems.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of viral genomes to identify overlooked open reading frames.
  • Structural modeling based on principles of transmembrane protein folding.
  • Design and potential testing of artificial miniproteins.

Main Results:

  • Viral transmembrane miniproteins exhibit diverse functions, including ion channel formation and protein-protein interactions.
  • Artificial small transmembrane proteins can be designed based on established structural principles.
  • These artificial proteins have the potential to modulate various biological processes.

Conclusions:

  • Short transmembrane proteins are versatile regulators of cellular activities.
  • The design principles of viral miniproteins can be applied to create novel functional proteins.
  • Cells may harbor a significant number of undiscovered short transmembrane proteins.