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Related Concept Videos

Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
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Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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What is Cell Signaling?02:03

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

Types of Signaling Molecules

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In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines
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Directing neuronal signaling through cell-surface glycan engineering.

Abigail Pulsipher1, Matthew E Griffin, Shannon E Stone

  • 1Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a method to engineer cell surfaces with specific glycans, like chondroitin sulfate (CS), using liposomes. This glycan engineering enhanced neuronal signaling and axonal growth, showing potential for controlling cellular functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Glycobiology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Plasma membrane glycans play critical roles in cellular development and function by regulating signaling events.
  • Controlling cell surface glycan composition is a key goal for understanding and manipulating cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for modifying cell surfaces with specific sulfated glycosaminoglycans, specifically chondroitin sulfate (CS).
  • To investigate the impact of engineered CS expression on neuronal signaling and growth.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized chemically modified liposomes to deliver and display specific sulfated chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans on cell surfaces.
  • Engineered neurons to express CS-E-enriched polysaccharides on their plasma membranes.

Main Results:

  • Neurons engineered to display CS-E-enriched polysaccharides showed significantly increased activation of neurotrophin-mediated signaling pathways.
  • Enhanced axonal growth was observed in neurons engineered with specific CS modifications.
  • The liposome-based method proved to be a facile and general approach for cell surface glycan engineering.

Conclusions:

  • Cell surface glycan engineering using chemically modified liposomes is a viable strategy to introduce biologically active glycans.
  • Tailoring plasma membranes with specific glycans, such as CS, can effectively direct crucial cellular events like signaling and axonal growth.
  • This approach holds promise for future applications in regenerative medicine and neuroscience research.