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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Flexion-adduction-external rotation method for shoulder dislocations.

Murat Gül1, Umut Yavuz1, Sami Sökücü1

  • 1Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.

Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica Turcica
|April 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The flexion-adduction-external rotation method effectively reduces acute anterior shoulder dislocations with a high success rate and no neurovascular complications. This technique offers a comfortable and efficient treatment for shoulder injuries.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Acute anterior shoulder dislocation is a common injury.
  • Various reduction techniques exist, each with potential benefits and drawbacks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and patient experience of the flexion-adduction-external rotation method for acute anterior shoulder dislocations.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 128 patients with acute anterior shoulder dislocation.
  • Treatment involved the flexion-adduction-external rotation reduction technique.
  • Pre- and post-reduction neurovascular assessments were performed.

Main Results:

  • Successful reduction in 116 out of 128 patients (90.6%) within two attempts.
  • Mean reduction time was under 1.5 minutes.
  • No post-reduction neurovascular injuries were reported.

Conclusions:

  • The flexion-adduction-external rotation method is a safe and effective technique for reducing acute anterior shoulder dislocations.
  • The method is associated with a high success rate and patient comfort.