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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Conservation of Mass in Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume01:14

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Stormwater detention basins are essential in managing runoff during heavy rainfall, particularly in urban areas where impervious surfaces increase the risk of flooding. Understanding the conservation of mass in these systems allows engineers to optimize basin performance, balancing inflow, outflow, and water storage.
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Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel01:27

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Trapezoidal channels are widely used in irrigation systems due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in conveying water. Trapezoidal channels feature a flat bottom and sloping sides, making them stable and easier to construct compared to other shapes. The bottom width and side slope ratio are determined based on the required flow capacity and site conditions. The side slope is kept gentle for unlined channels to prevent soil erosion.Hydraulic parameters in channel design include the flow...
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Precipitation titration involves the reaction of a titrant and an analyte to generate an insoluble precipitate. While precipitation titration uses various precipitating agents, silver nitrate is the most common precipitating reagent; titrations involving Ag+ are called argentometric titrations. Usually, the endpoint in a precipitation titration can be detected by visual indicators.
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A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff
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A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

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A protocol for conducting rainfall simulation to study soil runoff.

Leonard C Kibet1, Louis S Saporito2, Arthur L Allen1

  • 1Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|April 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antecedent soil moisture significantly impacts nitrogen (N) fertilizer loss. Wetter soils lead to greater urea transport in surface runoff, highlighting the need to control soil moisture in environmental studies.

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A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Rainfall drives contaminant transport from agricultural soils to water bodies.
  • Urea fertilizer, a common nitrogen source, can be transported to coastal waters, contributing to harmful algal blooms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how antecedent soil moisture content affects the fate and transport of surface-applied urea.
  • To isolate the impact of soil moisture on urea loss following rainfall.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a rainfall simulator to apply consistent rainfall to soil boxes pre-wetted to varying moisture levels.
  • Controlled rainfall and soil characteristics to isolate the effects of antecedent soil moisture.

Main Results:

  • Wetter soils showed a quicker onset of runoff after rainfall initiation.
  • Increased antecedent soil moisture resulted in greater total runoff volume, higher urea concentrations, and larger urea mass loadings in runoff.

Conclusions:

  • Antecedent soil moisture is a critical factor influencing urea loss via surface runoff.
  • Controlling for antecedent soil moisture is essential for accurate studies on pollutant fate and transport.
  • Standardized rainfall simulator studies can inform models for predicting pollutant runoff.