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Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach01:25

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The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...
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Oral mucosal immunization using glucomannosylated bilosomes.

Sanyog Jain, Anura Indulkar, Harshad Harde

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    GM-bilosomes show promise for oral mucosal immunization, enhancing immune responses and stability. These novel bilosomes offer a potential delivery system for antigens, improving both systemic and mucosal immunity.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical Sciences
    • Immunology
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Oral mucosal immunization offers an alternative to parenteral routes.
    • Developing effective oral delivery systems for antigens remains a challenge.
    • Bilosomes represent a novel vesicular system with potential for enhanced drug delivery.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the feasibility of genetically modified bilosomes (GM-bilosomes) as a vehicle for oral mucosal immunization.
    • To characterize the physicochemical properties and stability of GM-bilosomes.
    • To assess the in vitro and in vivo performance of GM-bilosomes for antigen delivery and immune response induction.

    Main Methods:

    • GM-bilosomes were formulated with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a model antigen.

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  • Characterization included vesicle size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency.
  • Stability was assessed in simulated biological fluids and freeze-drying.
  • In vitro release, cell uptake (RAW 264.7), and intestinal uptake studies were performed.
  • Systemic and mucosal immune responses were evaluated in vivo after oral administration.

    • Main Results:

    • GM-bilosomes exhibited optimal physicochemical properties and stability after freeze-drying.
    • Sustained in vitro release of BSA up to 24 hours was observed.
    • Significantly higher cellular and intestinal uptake of GM-bilosomes compared to free antigen.
    • GM-bilosomes induced superior systemic (serum IgG) and mucosal immune responses compared to conventional formulations.
    • The immune response was comparable to intramuscular administration but also induced cell-mediated immunity.

    Conclusions:

    • GM-bilosomes are a stable and effective carrier system for oral mucosal immunization.
    • They demonstrate enhanced antigen uptake and potent induction of both systemic and mucosal immunity.
    • GM-bilosomes represent a promising platform for oral delivery of antigens and can act as an adjuvant system.