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Immunodeficiency in young pigs.

C Hammerberg1, G G Schurig, D L Ochs

  • 1Veterinary Microbiology Research Laboratories, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061.

American Journal of Veterinary Research
|June 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary
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Young pigs exhibit temporary immunodeficiency, specifically in antibody production and T-cell responses to certain antigens, despite normal general T-cell function. This deficiency resolves by 4-6 weeks of age.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Immunology
  • Swine Health
  • Neonatal Immunity

Background:

  • Neonatal pigs can experience immunodeficiency, impacting their health and development.
  • Understanding T-cell function is crucial for assessing immune competence in young animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate T-cell function and identify potential immunodeficiencies in neonatal and young pigs.
  • To characterize the nature and duration of immune system immaturity in early-life swine.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed in vitro T-cell responses using phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of blood mononuclear cells.
  • Measured serum antibody concentrations and in vitro proliferative responses to egg white lysozyme (a T-cell dependent antigen).
  • Evaluated B-cell immunoglobulin production and T-cell subset populations (helper and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells) using flow cytometry and mitogen stimulation.

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Main Results:

  • Young pigs did not show generalized T-cell deficiency based on PHA response.
  • A significant immunodeficiency was observed from birth to 4 weeks, characterized by low serum antibody levels and reduced proliferative responses to lysozyme.
  • Interleukin-2 (IL-2) supplementation did not improve the in vitro cellular response to lysozyme or B-cell immunoglobulin production, suggesting the deficiency is not solely due to IL-2 deficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Young pigs exhibit a transient period of immunodeficiency affecting antibody production and T-cell dependent antigen responses, which resolves by 4-6 weeks of age.
  • The observed immunodeficiency is not linked to a generalized T-cell defect or a simple lack of IL-2 production.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying this early-life immune immaturity in pigs.