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Related Concept Videos

Conduction System of the Heart01:19

Conduction System of the Heart

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Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...
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Conduction System of the Heart01:20

Conduction System of the Heart

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The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This intricate system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated and efficient manner, beginning with the atria and then the ventricles. The conduction system optimizes cardiac output by maintaining this precise sequence, which is crucial for adequate blood circulation.
This system relies on the unique properties of nodal and Purkinje cells:...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Ablation of Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia Using a Multipolar Catheter and 3-dimensional Mapping System for High-density Electro-anatomical Reconstruction
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Visualizing anatomical evidences on atrioventricular conduction system for TAVI.

Tomokazu Kawashima1, Fumi Sato1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.

International Journal of Cardiology
|April 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The atrioventricular (AV) conduction system shows significant individual variation, being closer to the aortic root than previously understood. This proximity increases the risk of conduction abnormalities during transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Keywords:
Aortic stenosisAtrioventricular conduction systemClinical anatomyNew conduction abnormalitiesTranscatheter aortic valve implantation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiac Anatomy and Electrophysiology
  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • The atrioventricular (AV) conduction system's detailed anatomical variability is not fully appreciated.
  • Conventional transcatheter aortic valve prostheses may inadvertently affect the AV conduction system.
  • Cardiac conduction abnormalities are a frequent complication following transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To visualize and describe the macro- and microscopic anatomy of the AV conduction axis.
  • To investigate the spatial relationship between the AV conduction system and the aortic root complex.
  • To evaluate the implications of AV conduction system anatomy for transcatheter aortic valve prosthesis implantation.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed anatomical visualization of the atrioventricular conduction axis.
  • Comparative analysis of AV conduction system location relative to the aortic root.
  • Assessment of potential risks associated with conventional prosthetic valve implantation.

Main Results:

  • Significant inter-individual variation exists in the AV conduction system's anatomy.
  • The atrioventricular bundle and left bundle branch are located anteriorly, distally, cranially, and closer to the aortic root than previously recognized.
  • Conventional prosthetic valves may compromise the AV conduction system due to proximity during implantation.

Conclusions:

  • The anatomical proximity of the AV conduction system to the aortic root poses a risk during transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
  • Newer valve designs, such as the JenaValve®, may offer safety advantages by avoiding high-risk implantation areas.
  • Understanding AV conduction system anatomy is crucial for minimizing cardiac conduction abnormalities post-procedure.