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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

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Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings01:29

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Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving technique for managing acute respiratory failure and other respiratory complications. The process involves using a machine known as a ventilator to supply oxygen to the lungs and assist in removing carbon dioxide. It serves as a bridge to long-term mechanical ventilation or a temporary measure until ventilatory support is discontinued. The ventilator can maintain this function for a prolonged period, providing critical support for patients until they can...
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Mechanical Ventilation II: Invasive Ventilation01:23

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Ventilators are essential medical equipment used to aid patients with respiratory difficulties. Their primary function is to assist or replace spontaneous breathing by providing mechanical ventilation. There are two general classes of mechanical ventilators: negative-pressure and positive-pressure ventilators.
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Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation01:23

Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation

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Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) are essential methods in respiratory care. These ventilation techniques offer unique benefits for patients with various respiratory conditions, providing adequate support without requiring intubation. Let's explore how each method is crucial in improving patient outcomes and enhancing respiratory therapy.
Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation...
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Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

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Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
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Risk factors for ventilator-associated events: a case-control multivariable analysis.

Sarah C Lewis1, Lingling Li, Michael V Murphy

  • 11Division of Infectious Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA. 2Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA. 3Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.

Critical Care Medicine
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Summary

Mandatory ventilation modes and positive fluid balance increase risk for ventilator-associated conditions. Sedatives like benzodiazepines and opioids may also be risk factors for infection-related complications. Further research is needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • New definitions for ventilator-associated events (VAE) include ventilator-associated conditions (VAC) and infection-related ventilator-associated complications (IVAC).
  • VAC and IVAC are linked to prolonged mechanical ventilation and increased mortality.
  • Risk factors for VAC and IVAC require further investigation to inform prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify risk factors associated with ventilator-associated conditions (VAC).
  • To identify risk factors associated with infection-related ventilator-associated complications (IVAC).
  • To evaluate the association of traditional ventilator bundle elements with VAC and IVAC.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case-control study conducted in medical, surgical, cardiac, and neuroscience intensive care units.
  • 110 patients with VAC were matched with 110 controls; analysis repeated for IVAC subset.
  • Compared demographics, comorbidities, ventilator bundle adherence, sedative exposure, nutrition, fluid balance, and ventilation modes.

Main Results:

  • Mandatory ventilation modes (OR 3.4) and positive fluid balances (OR 1.2/L) were significant risk factors for VAC.
  • Possible risk factors for IVAC included benzodiazepine initiation before intubation (OR 5.0), opioid exposure (OR 3.3/100 µg/kg), and paralytic medications (OR 2.3).
  • Standard ventilator bundle components were not associated with VAC or IVAC.

Conclusions:

  • Mandatory ventilation and positive fluid balance are identified as risk factors for VAC.
  • Benzodiazepines, opioids, and paralytics are potential risk factors for IVAC.
  • Prospective studies are necessary to confirm if targeting these factors reduces VAC and IVAC rates.