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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Nuclear Export01:42

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence
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Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence

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Breaching the nuclear envelope in development and disease.

Emily Hatch1, Martin Hetzer

  • 1Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|April 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The nuclear envelope (NE) is not static and can remodel during interphase, not just mitosis. This remodeling, often involving protein kinase C activation, is crucial for cell development, disease, and cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The nuclear envelope (NE) encloses the eukaryotic genome.
  • The NE disassembles during mitosis but was thought to be static during interphase.
  • Recent evidence highlights dynamic NE remodeling in non-mitotic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of non-mitotic nuclear envelope remodeling.
  • To understand the mechanisms and implications of interphase NE restructuring.
  • To explore the significance of the nuclear lamina in maintaining nuclear integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent studies on NE remodeling.
  • Identification of common molecular pathways involved in NE restructuring.
  • Focus on the role of protein kinase C (PKC) family members.

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Main Results:

  • Non-mitotic NE remodeling is critical in development, viral infection, laminopathies, and cancer.
  • Activation of PKC family members in the interphase nucleus disrupts the nuclear lamina.
  • The nuclear lamina plays a key role in maintaining nuclear structural integrity.

Conclusions:

  • The nuclear envelope is a dynamic structure throughout the cell cycle, not just during mitosis.
  • Interphase NE remodeling, particularly via PKC activation, is a significant biological process with implications for health and disease.
  • Understanding NE dynamics is crucial for comprehending nuclear integrity and its role in various cellular functions and pathologies.