Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

Muscles of the Eye

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Publisher Correction: On the role of ocular torsion in binocular visual matching.

Scientific reports·2019

Same author

On the retinal correspondences across the binocular visual field.

Progress in brain research·2019

Same author

On the role of ocular torsion in binocular visual matching.

Scientific reports·2018

Same author

Three-dimensional ocular kinematics underlying binocular single vision.

Journal of neurophysiology·2016

Same author

Transmitter inputs to different motoneuron subgroups in the oculomotor and trochlear nucleus in monkey.

Frontiers in neuroanatomy·2015

Same author

The kinematics of far-near re-fixation saccades.

Journal of neurophysiology·2015

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Published on: March 25, 2011

Kinematics of visually-guided eye movements.

Bernhard J M Hess¹, Jakob S Thomassen¹

¹Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

|April 23, 2014

Summary

Listing's law, a hallmark of eye movements, arises from a unique motor strategy minimizing ocular torsion. This strategy combines rotations with frontal plane displacements, explaining the half-angle rule in eye movement kinematics.

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience
Biomechanics

Background:

Listing's law describes a key characteristic of eye movements, the half-angle rule, where eye tilt velocity is half the angle of gaze eccentricity.
Visually-guided eye movements during far viewing typically adhere to Listing's law, making its origin a significant research question.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide theoretical and experimental evidence for the origin of Listing's law.
To investigate a unique motor strategy that minimizes ocular torsion during smooth object tracking.

Main Methods:

Developed a theoretical model combining conventional ocular rotations with linear eye displacements in the frontal plane.
Conducted experimental validation of the model's predictions for eye movement kinematics.

More Related Videos

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

Video-oculography in Mice

Video-oculography in Mice

Published on: July 19, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Published on: March 25, 2011

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

Video-oculography in Mice

Video-oculography in Mice

Published on: July 19, 2012

Main Results:

The proposed compound rotation-displacement strategy explains the kinematic paradox of eye rotation planes.
The strategy accurately predicts the half-angle law in the position domain of eye movements.
The model successfully predicts both position and velocity domain kinematics during steady-state pursuit.

Conclusions:

Listing's law originates from a motor strategy that compounds rotations and displacements to minimize ocular torsion.
This strategy explains the observed half-angle rule and accurately predicts eye movement kinematics in both position and velocity domains.