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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Transposons, environmental changes, and heritable induced phenotypic variability.

Lucia Piacentini1, Laura Fanti, Valeria Specchia

  • 1Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti and Dipartimento Di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) mutations can reveal hidden genetic variations, influencing evolution. Hsp90 also impacts transposon activity, potentially acting as a mutator and affecting evolvability.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Genetic variability is crucial for organism adaptation and evolution.
  • Mutations in the Hsp90 gene in flies and plants induce developmental abnormalities, suggesting Hsp90's role in buffering genetic variation.
  • Hsp90 is implicated in repressing transposon activity via RNA interference pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the dual role of Hsp90 in evolution: as a morphological capacitor and a potential mutator.
  • To discuss the implications of Hsp90's interaction with transposons and environmental stress on evolvability.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis and discussion of existing data on Hsp90 function.
  • Review of studies on Hsp90 mutations, genetic assimilation, and transposon activity.
  • Integration of concepts from Waddington's canalization and McClintock's stress-response hypotheses.

Main Results:

  • Reduced Hsp90 levels expose cryptic genetic variation, impacting developmental pathways.
  • Hsp90's role in silencing transposons suggests that its depletion can lead to transposon activation and mutations.
  • Hsp90 acts as a morphological capacitor and potentially as a mutator.

Conclusions:

  • Hsp90 plays a critical role in regulating genetic variability and genome stability.
  • The interplay between Hsp90, environmental stress, and transposons significantly influences evolutionary trajectories and evolvability.
  • Understanding Hsp90's mechanisms provides insights into adaptation and the generation of novelty in evolution.