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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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Complexity of ruminant masticatory evolution.

Danielle Fraser1, Natalia Rybczynski

  • 1Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6; Canadian Museum of Nature, Paleobiology, PO Box 3443 STN D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada.

Journal of Morphology
|April 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Grazing ruminants evolved robust jaws and large chewing muscles alongside grass diets and high-crowned teeth. This study reveals their feeding apparatus evolved as a mosaic, with some parts linked and others independent.

Keywords:
adaptationbrowserexaptationgrazerhypsodontymassetermodel selection

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Paleontology

Background:

  • The evolution of grazing ruminant feeding apparatus, including jaws, teeth, and muscles, is a key example of adaptation.
  • The extent of correlated evolution between hard and soft tissues in this system is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate correlated evolution among traits of the ruminant masticatory apparatus.
  • To determine if the ruminant feeding apparatus functions as an evolutionary module.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic and non-phylogenetic comparative methods were used.
  • Phylogenetic evolutionary model selection was applied to analyze trait evolution.
  • Key traits analyzed included tooth crown height, jaw robustness, chewing muscle size, and molar occlusal surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Large masseter muscles in grazers evolved with grass in the diet, increased parallel enamel bands, and possibly hypsodonty.
  • Jaw metrics showed correlated evolution with hypsodonty and enamel band orientation.
  • Masseter muscle evolution was influenced by selection for higher forces and flatter tooth profiles.

Conclusions:

  • The ruminant feeding apparatus exhibits mosaic evolution, with components evolving both dependently and independently.
  • Changes in jaw shape reflect adaptations for chewing stroke reorientation and accommodating high-crowned teeth.
  • Masseter muscle evolution is linked to dietary shifts and biomechanical demands.