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Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and high patient compliance. It enables precise formulation to ensure proper drug dosage and bioavailability. The development of oral dosage forms considers drug properties such as solubility, stability, and absorption to optimize therapeutic efficacy.Tablets, capsules, liquids, and chewable formulations enhance drug stability, mask undesirable tastes, and improve patient experience.
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Electronic bolus design impacts on administration.

F Hentz1, C Umstätter2, S Gilaverte3

  • 1Laboratório de Produção e Pesquisa em Ovinos e Caprinos, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, Brazil lelopzo@gmail.com.

Journal of Animal Science
|April 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Electronic ruminal boluses offer advantages for animal traceability in hot climates. Bolus design significantly impacts swallowing ease and readability, with smaller designs proving more effective for sheep identification.

Keywords:
bolus lengthbolus outside diameterelectronic identificationsheepswallowing time

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Animal Science
  • Agricultural Engineering

Background:

  • Electronic identification is crucial for animal traceability globally.
  • Internal electronic boluses are advantageous over ear tags in hot climates, reducing loss and injury risks.
  • Administration difficulties, particularly in small ruminants, have hindered electronic bolus adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate factors of bolus design influencing swallowing in sheep.
  • To evaluate the effect of bolus design on administration ease, retention, and readability.
  • To assess the suitability of electronic boluses for animal identification in warm climates.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-six Suffolk ewes were used to test three electronic ruminal bolus types (mini, small, standard) over one year.
  • Factors recorded included ewe age and weight, bolus dimensions, swallowing time, and esophageal blockages.
  • Bolus retention and readability were monitored at intervals up to 12 months.

Main Results:

  • Swallowing time was significantly longer for the standard bolus compared to mini and small boluses.
  • Bolus outer diameter and length positively correlated with swallowing time; ewe weight showed a negative correlation.
  • Retention rates were high for all bolus types at 12 months (100%, 94.5%, 100% for mini, small, standard). Readability was 100% for mini and standard, and 94.5% for small boluses.

Conclusions:

  • Bolus design significantly affects swallowing time and readability in sheep.
  • Reducing bolus length and outer diameter is recommended to improve administration and effectiveness for electronic identification.
  • Adequately designed electronic boluses are safe and suitable for identifying adult sheep, even in hot climates.