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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Author Spotlight: Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis.

S R Chandra1, Sikandar Adwani2, Anitha Mahadevan3

  • 1Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
|April 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis is a rare, fatal brain infection. This case highlights a young adult with autopsy-confirmed disease, emphasizing the need for awareness in diagnosing severe neurological illness.

Keywords:
Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitisimmunocompetentintraocular colonizationmagnetic resonance imagingmagnetic resonance spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Acanthamoeba infections are typically associated with contact lens wearers or trauma, rarely presenting as primary central nervous system disease.
  • Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis (AM) is a severe, often fatal, infection of the brain and meninges caused by Acanthamoeba species.
  • This report details a unique case of AM in an immunocompetent young adult.

Observation:

  • The patient, a young immunocompetent male, presented with a prolonged 3-month febrile illness and meningoencephalitis symptoms.
  • Despite anti-tuberculous therapy and steroid treatment, the patient experienced rapid neurological deterioration.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed features suggestive of hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) showed an elevated choline peak.

Findings:

  • Autopsy confirmed necrotizing meningoencephalitis, establishing the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis.
  • Intraocular colonization by Acanthamoeba was also identified during the autopsy.
  • The case underscores the potential for Acanthamoeba to cause severe, disseminated disease even in immunocompetent individuals.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis, particularly in non-typical presentations.
  • Early recognition and specific diagnostic methods are crucial for potential therapeutic interventions in Acanthamoeba infections.
  • The findings emphasize the importance of considering rare pathogens in the differential diagnosis of severe meningoencephalitis.