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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Development of a Novel Internal Fixation Model for Rat Radial Fractures: Fracture Healing Assessment and Dorsal Root Ganglion Isolation
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Non-union in forearm fractures.

P Jayakumar1, J B Jupiter

  • 1The Hand and Upper Extremity Service. Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA. USA.

Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae Et Traumatologiae Cechoslovaca
|April 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forearm fracture non-union is complex due to unique anatomy. Modern plate fixation significantly reduces non-union rates and improves function, though challenges remain.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Traumatology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Non-union of forearm fractures presents unique challenges due to the forearm's complex anatomy and function.
  • Restoring anatomical parameters is crucial for optimal function, muscle stabilization, and range of motion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on forearm fracture non-union management.
  • To provide a guide for clinical management.
  • To discuss current controversies and future directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of non-union in forearm fractures.
  • Analysis of contemporary plate osteosynthesis techniques.
  • Examination of functional outcomes and morbidity.

Main Results:

  • Contemporary plate osteosynthesis has minimized non-union rates to below 5%.
  • Good to excellent functional outcomes are achievable with modern fixation techniques.
  • Non-union is associated with significant pain, disability, and morbidity.

Conclusions:

  • Modern internal fixation techniques have revolutionized forearm fracture non-union treatment.
  • Anatomical restoration is key to successful outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to address remaining challenges and controversies.