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Evolution: why all plumes and jets evolve to round cross sections.

A Bejan1, S Ziaei1, S Lorente2

  • 1Duke University, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0300, USA.

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|April 24, 2014
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Summary

Flat plumes and jets transition to round shapes at a predictable distance. This flow evolution, driven by momentum transfer, depends on source dimensions and Reynolds number for turbulent and laminar flows.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Turbulence
  • Heat and Mass Transfer

Background:

  • Turbulent smoke plumes and jets from flat nozzles initially exhibit flat cross-sections.
  • These flat flows transition to a round cross-sectional shape at a certain downstream distance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To predict the critical distance at which flat plumes and jets transition to round shapes.
  • To identify the underlying principle governing this shape evolution in fluid flows.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical prediction based on flow architecture and momentum transfer principles.
  • Full three-dimensional numerical simulations of turbulent and laminar jet flow fields.
  • Analysis of flow behavior across a Reynolds number range of 10 to 10^4.

Main Results:

  • A principle was established: flow architecture facilitates momentum transfer from core to surroundings, dictating shape evolution.
  • Transition distance for turbulent flows scales with the characteristic length (L) of the flat source.
  • Transition distance for laminar jets scales with L times the Reynolds number (Re).

Conclusions:

  • The transition from flat to round cross-sectional shapes in plumes and jets is predictable.
  • Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical predictions for both turbulent and laminar jet behaviors.