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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

27
Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

30
Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

53
DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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[Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome].

K Rüther1

  • 1-, Dorotheenstr. 56, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland, praxis@prof-ruether.de.

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft
|April 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pseudotumor cerebri, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension, causes increased pressure in the skull. Diagnosis involves imaging and lumbar puncture, with treatments ranging from weight loss to surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology

Context:

  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, presents as non-tumor related intracranial hypertension.
  • Typically affects young, obese females, manifesting with papilledema and headache.

Purpose:

  • To outline the diagnostic modalities for IIH.
  • To describe therapeutic strategies for IIH, differentiating between non-invasive and invasive approaches.

Summary:

  • Diagnosis relies on neuroimaging (MRI, MRV) and lumbar puncture.
  • Ophthalmoscopy, ultrasound, and OCT assess papilledema; visual function is monitored via acuity and visual fields.
  • Management includes weight reduction and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for non-vision-threatening cases, and invasive procedures for vision-threatening situations.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of IIH diagnosis and management.
  • Highlights the multidisciplinary approach involving neurology, ophthalmology, and interventional radiology.
  • Emphasizes the importance of timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent vision loss.