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Related Concept Videos

Joints01:26

Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

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Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

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Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
29
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

8.0K
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
8.0K
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

4.8K
The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
4.8K

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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Fu's Subcutaneous Needling for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain
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Leg discomfort: beyond the joints.

Douglas Berger1

  • 1General Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound, University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|April 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Accurate diagnosis of leg discomfort relies on thorough history and physical examination. Key indicators like pulse absence suggest peripheral arterial disease (PAD), while other causes include statins and neurologic conditions.

Keywords:
ClaudicationCrampLeg painMyalgiaNeuropathyParesthesia

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Area of Science:

  • Medical diagnosis
  • Vascular medicine
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Leg discomfort is a common complaint with diverse etiologies.
  • Simple symptom characterization can be misleading for accurate diagnosis.
  • A systematic approach is crucial for identifying the underlying cause of leg symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline key diagnostic considerations for leg discomfort.
  • To differentiate between vascular, medication-induced, and neurologic causes.
  • To emphasize the importance of clinical history and physical examination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic markers for leg discomfort.
  • Correlation of physical examination findings (e.g., pulse assessment) with potential diagnoses.
  • Identification of common iatrogenic and neurologic contributors to leg symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Absence of dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses strongly indicates peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
  • Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are identified as a frequent cause of lower extremity myalgias.
  • Neurologic conditions such as lumbar spinal stenosis and polyneuropathy are significant contributors to leg symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical history and physical examination are paramount for diagnosing leg discomfort.
  • Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) can be suggested by specific pulse deficits.
  • Many common causes of leg discomfort, including those from statins and neurologic origins, are manageable conservatively.