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Visual and auditory brain-computer interfaces.

Shangkai Gao, Yijun Wang, Xiaorong Gao

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    Visual and auditory brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) show promise for high-speed communication. This review explores challenges and guidelines for developing practical, robust BCIs using electroencephalogram (EEG) technology.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Neural Engineering
    • Clinical Rehabilitation

    Background:

    • Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have advanced significantly.
    • Despite improvements, widespread adoption of BCI systems remains limited.
    • Visual and auditory BCI systems offer high communication speeds and require less user training.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current status of visual and auditory BCI systems.
    • To identify challenges in developing practical and robust BCI technology.
    • To propose guidelines for future BCI research and development.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel taxonomy based on telecommunication multiple access methods is presented.
    • Current technological challenges in real-life BCI applications are discussed.
    • Potential strategies to overcome these challenges are outlined.

    Main Results:

    • Visual and auditory BCI systems are gaining popularity due to performance advantages.
    • Translating current BCI technology into practical applications faces significant hurdles.
    • Further research is needed to enhance the robustness and usability of BCI systems.

    Conclusions:

    • Developing practical BCI systems requires integrating physiological and technical knowledge.
    • New paradigms and methodologies are essential for advancing BCI technology.
    • This review provides guidelines for future exploration in visual and auditory BCI development.