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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...

Ionic Association

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

Formation of Complex Ions

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

Pnicogen-bonded anionic complexes.

Janet E Del Bene¹, Ibon Alkorta, José Elguero

¹Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University , Youngstown, Ohio 44555, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A

|April 26, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores pnicogen-bonded complexes using advanced computational methods. It reveals how substituent identity influences bond characteristics and charge distribution in these unique chemical interactions.

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Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

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Published on: March 2, 2020

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

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Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Computational Chemistry
Quantum Chemistry
Chemical Bonding

Background:

Pnicogen bonding is an important non-covalent interaction involving pnicogen elements (Group 15).
Understanding the nature of these bonds is crucial for predicting molecular properties and reactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural, electronic, and bonding properties of pnicogen-bonded complexes H2YP:X(-).
To analyze the influence of various substituents (X, Y) on the pnicogen bond characteristics.

Main Methods:

Ab initio MP2/aug'-cc-pVTZ calculations were employed to model the complexes.
Equation of Motion Coupled-Cluster Singles and Doubles (EOM-CCSD) was used to calculate spin-spin coupling constants.

Main Results:

Identified 21 unique equilibrium structures among 36 possible pnicogen-bonded complexes.
Characterized bonds as having partial covalent or ion-molecule character, depending on substituent identity.
Observed charge transfer stabilizing complexes and reducing negative charge on the halogen or pseudohalogen.

Conclusions:

Substituent effects significantly modulate pnicogen bond strength and character.
Spin-spin coupling constants serve as valuable probes for distinguishing between different types of pnicogen bonds.