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Related Concept Videos

Neurons: The Axon01:21

Neurons: The Axon

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...
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The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Synaptic Signaling01:09

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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A High-content Assay for Monitoring AMPA Receptor Trafficking
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Axon and dendritic trafficking.

Celine I Maeder1, Kang Shen1, Casper C Hoogenraad2

  • 1Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, USA.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|April 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuronal trafficking relies on motor proteins for organelle and molecule delivery. This review covers advances in understanding how these transport mechanisms ensure proper neuronal structure and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Neuronal trafficking is essential for synapse formation, axonal growth, and dendritic development.
  • Molecular motor proteins moving along the cytoskeleton are the primary drivers of cargo transport within neurons.
  • Adaptor proteins and signaling pathways add specificity and control to this complex transport system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in neuronal transport machinery.
  • To explore emerging concepts in the polarized transport of key neuronal components.
  • To discuss mechanisms regulating axo-dendritic sorting and synaptic delivery of cargoes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Synthesis of current research on molecular motors and adaptor proteins.
  • Analysis of mechanisms controlling polarized neuronal transport.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of the transport of mitochondria and presynaptic cargoes.
  • Discussion of regulatory molecules and local signaling pathways.
  • Highlighting advances in understanding cargo sorting and delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Neuronal transport is a highly regulated process critical for neuronal health.
  • Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into neurological disorders.
  • Future research directions in neuronal trafficking are identified.