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Related Concept Videos

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

5.7K
Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
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Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:08

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

3.5K
As depicted in Figure 1, base-catalyzed aldol addition involves adding two carbonyl compounds in aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.
3.5K
Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions01:27

Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions

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Phase I biotransformation reductive reactions are chemical processes that modify drugs by introducing or revealing polar functional groups via reduction. Enzymes called reductases catalyze these reactions, playing a pivotal role in drug metabolism by transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar, water-soluble metabolites for easy excretion. An essential type of reductive reaction is the carbonyl group reduction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols. An example is the...
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C–C Bond Cleavage: Retro-Aldol Reaction00:57

C–C Bond Cleavage: Retro-Aldol Reaction

5.4K
The reverse of the aldol addition reaction is called the retro-aldol reaction. Here, the carbon–carbon bond in the aldol product is cleaved under acidic or basic conditions to form two molecules of carbonyl compounds. The mechanism of the reaction consists of three steps.
In the first step, as depicted in Figure 1, the base deprotonates the β-hydroxy ketone at the hydroxyl group to form an alkoxide ion.
5.4K
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

12.8K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
12.8K
Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:15

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

2.3K
The aldol reaction of a ketone under acidic conditions successfully forms an unsaturated carbonyl as the final product instead of an aldol. The acid-catalyzed aldol reaction is depicted in Figure 1.
2.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Application of AlDeSense to Stratify Ovarian Cancer Cells Based on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 Activity
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Application of AlDeSense to Stratify Ovarian Cancer Cells Based on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 Activity

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Aldonolactone oxidoreductases.

Nicole G H Leferink1, Willem J H van Berkel

  • 1Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This review explores aldonolactone oxidoreductases, key flavoenzymes essential for producing vitamin C and its analogs. These enzymes are crucial across diverse organisms, including animals, plants, and microbes.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a vital nutrient with widespread biological roles.
  • Aldonolactone oxidoreductases are a class of flavoenzymes implicated in vitamin C biosynthesis.
  • Understanding these enzymes is key to comprehending vitamin C production pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the occurrence and properties of aldonolactone oxidoreductases.
  • To highlight the role of these flavoenzymes in vitamin C and analog production.
  • To provide insights into the biological significance of these enzymes across different life forms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on aldonolactone oxidoreductases.
  • Analysis of enzyme properties, including substrate specificity and cofactor requirements.

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Monitoring the Reductive and Oxidative Half-Reactions of a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase using Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometry

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Anaerobic Protein Purification and Kinetic Analysis via Oxygen Electrode for Studying DesB Dioxygenase Activity and Inhibition
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  • Comparative study of enzyme distribution in various organisms.

    • Main Results:

    • Aldonolactone oxidoreductases are found in a wide range of organisms, from single-cell microbes to plants and animals.
    • These flavoenzymes catalyze the final steps in the biosynthesis of vitamin C and related compounds.
    • Properties such as reaction mechanisms and structural features are discussed.

    Conclusions:

    • Aldonolactone oxidoreductases are fundamental to vitamin C production across the biosphere.
    • Further research into these enzymes could reveal novel pathways and applications.
    • The study underscores the evolutionary conservation and importance of vitamin C metabolism.