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An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

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The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
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Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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What is the Endocrine System?00:46

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The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.
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Types of Toxins01:36

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins
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The endogenous exposome.

Jun Nakamura1, Esra Mutlu1, Vyom Sharma1

  • 1University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.

DNA Repair
|April 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores the endogenous exposome, focusing on DNA damage from internal chemical exposures. It quantifies DNA damage and its link to mutations, improving risk assessments.

Keywords:
DNA damageEndogenous exposomeMutagenesisRisk assessmentStable isotopes

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The exposome encompasses all lifetime exposures, including environmental, dietary, occupational, and endogenous chemicals.
  • Endogenous chemicals arise from normal metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiome alterations.
  • Focus is on the endogenous exposome and DNA damage from endogenous electrophilic molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide quantitative data on endogenous DNA damage and its relationship to mutagenesis.
  • To investigate how exogenous chemical exposures, producing identical DNA adducts to endogenous ones, increase total DNA adducts.
  • To elucidate the sources of exposure driving low-dose biology, mutations, and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized stable isotope labeling in animal and cellular exposures.
  • Employed advanced mass spectrometry for sensitive and accurate measurements.
  • Analyzed quantitative data on endogenous DNA damage and mutagenesis.

Main Results:

  • Established accurate relationships between endogenous and exogenous exposures.
  • Demonstrated that exogenous exposures identical to endogenous adducts significantly increase total adducts.
  • Identified specific exposure sources driving low-dose biology, mutations, and disease.

Conclusions:

  • Endogenous DNA damage is a critical component of the exposome.
  • Exogenous exposures can exacerbate endogenous DNA damage, leading to disease.
  • Findings support science-based quantitative risk assessments over default assumptions.