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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

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Evolution of the melanocortin system.

Raúl Cortés1, Sandra Navarro1, Maria Josep Agulleiro1

  • 1Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.

General and Comparative Endocrinology
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The complex melanocortin system involves agonists, antagonists, and receptors. This review explores evolutionary hypotheses for these components, including whole genome duplication events.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The melanocortin system is a complex hormonal network.
  • It comprises agonists (e.g., proopiomelanocortin), antagonists (e.g., agouti-signalling protein), and five melanocortin receptors.
  • Evolutionary origins of these components are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review proposed evolutionary hypotheses for the melanocortin system's components.
  • To synthesize findings from sequenced genomes regarding melanocortin system evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of evolutionary hypotheses.
  • Analysis of genomic data related to melanocortin system components.

Main Results:

  • Melanocortin system components evolved through various mechanisms, including whole genome duplication.
  • Co-evolutionary and tandem duplication processes are also proposed.
  • Conflicting hypotheses exist regarding the evolutionary patterns of different melanocortin partners.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of the melanocortin system is multifaceted, involving gene duplication and co-evolutionary processes.
  • Understanding these evolutionary pathways is crucial for comprehending the system's complexity.
  • Further research is needed to resolve controversies surrounding evolutionary patterns.