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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism
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Retroviral microRNAs.

Alex Harwig1, Atze T Das1, Ben Berkhout1

  • 1Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Virology
|April 29, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retroviruses like HIV-1 may encode microRNAs (miRNAs) to regulate gene expression, despite concerns about genome cleavage. These viral miRNAs play a role in the complex interplay between virus and host during replication.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes and DNA viruses.
  • The ability of RNA viruses, including retroviruses, to encode miRNAs is debated due to potential genome disruption.
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus with a complex replication cycle involving host-virus interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the production of virus-encoded miRNAs by retroviruses, specifically HIV-1.
  • To explore the potential functions of these viral miRNAs in the HIV-1 replication cycle.
  • To elucidate the intricate virus-host interactions mediated by small RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on viral miRNA biogenesis and function.
  • Analysis of genomic sequences for potential miRNA precursor structures in HIV-1.
  • Bioinformatic predictions of miRNA targets and their roles in viral pathways.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests that HIV-1 can produce mature miRNAs from its own genome.
  • These virus-derived miRNAs appear to modulate both viral gene expression and host cell functions.
  • A complex regulatory network involving viral and host small RNAs is implicated in HIV-1 infection.

Conclusions:

  • Retroviruses, including HIV-1, possess the capability to encode and utilize miRNAs.
  • Viral miRNAs contribute significantly to the regulation of viral replication and pathogenesis.
  • Small RNAs are central players in the intricate molecular dialogue between viruses and their hosts.