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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals
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Automatic segmentation of odor maps in the mouse olfactory bulb using regularized non-negative matrix factorization.

Jan Soelter1, Jan Schumacher2, Hartwig Spors2

  • 1Neuroinformatics & Theoretical Neuroscience, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

Neuroimage
|April 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Regularized non-negative matrix factorization (rNMF) effectively segments functional neural images, offering improved noise resilience for olfactory bulb glomeruli detection in intrinsic optical signal imaging.

Keywords:
Independent component analysisIntrinsic optical signalNon-negative matrix factorizationOlfactory bulb

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Image Analysis
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Accurate segmentation of functional neural activity is crucial in neuroscience.
  • Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging of the olfactory bulb presents challenges due to noise.
  • Extracting specific functional components like glomeruli requires robust methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply regularized non-negative matrix factorization (rNMF) for segmenting functional parts in neural image series.
  • To extract glomeruli from intrinsic optical signal (IOS) images of the olfactory bulb.
  • To demonstrate the method's effectiveness, especially in low signal-to-noise conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized regularized non-negative matrix factorization (rNMF) for source separation.
  • Incorporated prior knowledge of spatio-temporal characteristics via regularization.
  • Identified optimal regularization parameters using a surrogate dataset.
  • Validated the approach against anatomical outlines from 2-photon imaging.

Main Results:

  • rNMF demonstrated enhanced resilience to noise compared to spatial independent component analysis (sICA).
  • The method required fewer observations for accurate segmentation than sICA.
  • Successful segmentation of glomeruli in IOS images of the olfactory bulb was achieved.
  • Validation confirmed the reliability of rNMF for automatic functional neural image segmentation.

Conclusions:

  • Regularized non-negative matrix factorization (rNMF) offers a straightforward and effective method for source separation in functional neural imaging.
  • rNMF provides reliable automatic segmentation, particularly beneficial for low signal-to-noise ratio data like IOS imaging.
  • This approach enhances the analysis of functional activity in neuroscience research.