Stromal transforming growth factor-beta 1 is crucial for reinforcing the invasive potential of low invasive cancer
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-β-induced Invasion
Published on: November 16, 2011
Young Sun Hwang1, Kwang-Kyun Park2, Won-Yoon Chung2
1Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, 553 Sansung-Daero, Soojung-Gu, Seongnam 461-713, Republic of Korea.
Objective:
Tumour cells alter the characteristics of the adjacent stroma to create a supportive microenvironment during cancer progression. In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to verify the role of stromal TGF-β1 in reinforcing of the invasive potential in low invasive cancer.
Materials And Methods:
Isolated NF or CAF was co-cultured with low invasive HSC-2 cells to evaluate whether stromal TGF-β1 induced PDPN expression by Transwell invasion and influenced tumour growth in orthotopic xenografts.
Results:
Stimulation by TGF-β1 promoted PDPN expression and Transwell invasion through SMAD signalling as well as activation of Src, P38 mitogen activated protein kinase and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2. PDPN induction was TβRII-dependent. Tumour growth of HSC-2 OSCC in a mouse xenograft was intensified in the tumour CAF microenvironment.
Conclusions:
Stromal TGF-β1 signalling promoted PDPN expression in cancer cells, thereby enhancing tumour growth and leading to a more invasive phenotype.
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