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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

967
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pediatric plasmablastic lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study.

Jalaludin I Vaubell1, Yetish Sing2, Amsha Ramburan2

  • 1Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, and National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa vaubell@ukzn.ac.za.

International Journal of Surgical Pathology
|April 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is rare in children, often affecting HIV-positive males. While treatment outcomes were unpredictable, combined therapies including highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) showed promise in advanced stages.

Keywords:
AIDSHIVchildhoodpediatricplasmablastic lymphoma

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Hematology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • PBL is infrequently documented in pediatric populations, particularly in HIV-positive children.
  • Limited data exists on the clinicopathologic features and treatment outcomes of pediatric PBL.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the clinicopathologic characteristics of Plasmablastic Lymphoma (PBL) in HIV-positive children.
  • To analyze treatment strategies and survival outcomes in this pediatric cohort.
  • To identify potential prognostic factors and therapeutic approaches for pediatric PBL.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 13 biopsies from 11 HIV-positive children diagnosed with PBL.
  • Comprehensive immunophenotypic analysis (CD20, VS38c, EMA, CD31, MUM-1, CD45, CD79a) and B-cell monoclonality assessment.
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosomal translocations (t(8,14)) in a subset of cases.
  • Review of treatment modalities (highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART], chemotherapy, radiotherapy) and patient follow-up data.

Main Results:

  • All biopsies showed plasmablastic morphology with specific immunophenotypic markers (CD20 negative, VS38c, EMA, MUM-1 positive).
  • B-cell monoclonality was confirmed in all cases; 2 of 3 tested biopsies had a t(8,14) translocation.
  • Seven out of nine patients with follow-up data died; histomorphology, stage, and treatment were not predictive of outcome.
  • Two stage 4 patients survived for 3 and 8 years on combined HAART, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • PBL in HIV-positive children presents with distinct clinicopathologic features.
  • Standard treatment protocols did not consistently predict outcomes in this cohort.
  • Combined therapeutic modalities, including HAART, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, may offer a survival benefit in advanced-stage pediatric PBL.