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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons
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Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons

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Induced neuronal reprogramming.

Cheen Euong Ang1, Marius Wernig

  • 1Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.

The Journal of Comparative Neurology
|April 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists are reprogramming cells, like fibroblasts, into other cell types, such as neurons, using epigenetic reprogramming. This method holds promise for disease research and therapies but faces challenges in efficiency and cell identity.

Keywords:
cell fateepigenetic reprogrammingneuronal reprogrammingpluripotency

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetic reprogramming
  • Stem cell research

Background:

  • Embryonic development relies on extracellular factors and transcription factors for cell differentiation.
  • Epigenetic reprogramming utilizes cell fate factors to convert cell lineages.
  • Induced cell fate conversions offer potential for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery and advancements in induced neuronal reprogramming.
  • To discuss methods for improving reprogramming efficiency and cell identity.
  • To explore strategies for defining the identity of reprogrammed neuronal cells.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging knowledge of developmental biology and cell fate determination factors.
  • Applying epigenetic reprogramming techniques to convert cell types (e.g., fibroblasts to neurons).
  • Investigating methods to enhance reprogramming efficiency and ensure proper cell maturation.

Main Results:

  • Induced neuronal reprogramming has been successfully achieved.
  • Challenges remain in optimizing reprogramming efficiency, ensuring cell identity, and achieving full maturation.
  • Defining the identity of reprogrammed cells is crucial for therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

  • Induced neuronal reprogramming is a powerful tool with significant therapeutic potential.
  • Further research is needed to overcome current limitations in efficiency, identity, and maturation.
  • Establishing robust methods for identity verification is essential for clinical translation.