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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
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Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

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Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
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Chorea.

Sanjay Pandey

    The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
    |April 30, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Chorea, an involuntary movement disorder, has diverse causes including genetic (like Huntington's disease) and non-genetic factors. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and improving patient outcomes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Genetics
    • Movement Disorders

    Background:

    • Chorea is characterized by involuntary, flowing, and rhythmic movements.
    • It can be mistaken for other hyperkinetic movement disorders like myoclonus.
    • The pathogenesis involves dysfunction in thalamic and subcortical motor networks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of chorea.
    • To highlight the importance of differentiating genetic and non-genetic etiologies.
    • To emphasize the significance of early diagnosis for effective management.

    Main Methods:

    • Clinical diagnosis based on patient history and neurological examination.
    • Genetic testing for inherited causes like Huntington's disease.
    • Laboratory investigations including hematological and blood chemistry tests.
    • Neuroimaging for specific conditions such as Huntington's disease.

    Main Results:

    • Huntington's disease is the most common genetic cause, with both neurological and psychiatric manifestations.
    • Sydenham's chorea is a key cause in pediatric populations, linked to acute rheumatic fever.
    • Metabolic disorders and drug use are significant non-genetic causes.
    • Genetic causes include neuroacanthocytosis and Wilson's disease.

    Conclusions:

    • Chorea diagnosis is primarily clinical, with family history being vital for genetic forms.
    • Treatment is often symptomatic, except for Wilson's disease.
    • Early diagnosis is critical as most patients respond to treatment.