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Related Concept Videos

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Evolution and development of the mammalian cerebral cortex.

Zoltán Molnár1, Jon H Kaas, Juan A de Carlos

  • 1Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

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|April 30, 2014
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Summary

The evolution of the mammalian brain involved changes in neocortical organization and neurogenesis. Understanding these developmental shifts reveals how complex human brains evolved from simpler ancestors.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Comparative studies reveal key mammalian brain changes.
  • The neocortex evolved from simpler precursors.
  • Understanding brain evolution aids in comprehending human brain complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neocortical organization in early mammals.
  • To understand the evolution of cortical cellular and laminar specialization.
  • To elucidate the origins of the complex human brain.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of comparative developmental studies.
  • Examination of cortical neurogenesis patterns.
  • Transcriptome characterization in various species (chick, mouse, human, nonhuman primate).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated neocortical organization in early mammals.
  • Identified radial and tangential enlargement driven by neurogenesis changes.
  • Highlighted the role of progenitor cell proportions and migration patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Neocortical organization in early mammals provides evolutionary insights.
  • Changes in neurogenesis patterns were crucial for cortical expansion.
  • Gene expression studies are vital for understanding neocortical development and organization.